Literature Review Learner Autonomy - 1503 Words

Literature Review. The focus of this literature review will be on the history of the set theme within the research project, the points that have been put across through various researchers will also be included to gain a clarity of understanding in topics related to learner autonomy and the belief’s teachers have on learner autonomy and the way in which they implement this in their classrooms. The literature review will consider the sub-headings above (I.1 – I.7). L.1- What is Learner Autonomy. As determined in I.2 there are several definitions of learner autonomy in second language learning and education. This category (L.1) will portray the different terms engaged in previous research. For example, Holec (1981, p.3) provided a definition†¦show more content†¦Therefore, if a student is learning through reactive autonomy they will learn what is necessary without being forced. This analysis of the two strands of learner autonomy has been a fresh way in which researchers have been able to define learner autonomy and this can be extremely helpful in Middle Eastern schools as this research is extremely new and cultural backgrounds which are different to the western culture (Smith,2008). Within the Middle East learner autonomy has been explored for many years as the introduction of learner autonomy needs to consider the cultural backgrounds of each student. Due to the Middle East having many expats this can be extremely difficult as Pennycook (1997, p.53) concluded that it is important for all teachers to not only look at the cultural side of learner autonomy but, also the political side to allow all students to ‘deal differently with the world and allow them to become authors of their own world’. Having a comprehension on the attributes of the understudies who are adapting independently is critical. Although, it is important for teachers to also have an understanding on how they can implement learner autonomy within the classrooms and within the Middle East this seems to be through the consideration of cultural and political views in the Middle East. L.3 – Curriculum and Classroom based approach. Per Cotterall (2000) the implantation of learnerShow MoreRelatedLearner Autonomy1084 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Learner Autonomy and How Can It Be Fostered? Dimitrios Thanasoulas The Internet TESL Journal 2. What is Autonomy? For a definition of autonomy, we might quote Holec (1981: 3, cited in Benson Voller, 1997: 1) who describes it as the ability to take charge of ones learning. On a general note, the term autonomy has come to be used in at least five ways (see Benson Voller, 1997: 2): †¢ for situations in which learners study entirely on their own; †¢ for a set of skillsRead MoreExploring the Black Box: Assessment for Learning the Development of Autonomy in Key Stage 21678 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the black box: assessment for learning and the development of autonomy in Key Stage 2 1. Introduction: poking and prying with a purpose In 1942, novelist and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston wrote ‘Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose’ (Hurston, 2006). As a Primary teacher, I started on this poking and prying because of a concern about pupils’ apparent lack of reflective thinking. In this section, I outline how this original concern developed by increasinglyRead MoreEngaging The Adult Learner For Adult Learners1028 Words   |  5 Pages Engaging the Adult Learner Jeffery Collins COLL100 B100 Fall 14 American Military University Dr. Gibson Engaging the Adult Learner Engaging adults during the learning process is an action that encompasses the use of skills to conquer their concentration and interest. The engagement is performed to ensure the adult learners will immediately identify with the information and the objective of the teaching. Once the identification and objectivity is formed learning is able to proceed. ThereforeRead MoreHow are Literacy, Fluency and Reading Comprehension Affected by Using Oral Reading Methods in the Classroom?1404 Words   |  6 PagesLiteracy, fluency and reading comprehension all play a crucial role in determining how learners acquire skills within the classroom. This paper will review a number of scholarly literatures that give more details about fluency and reading comprehension. Over a long period of time, the ability of a learner to read educational materials fluently has been taken as the most thorough learning method through which the learner can acquire literacy. Kuhn, Schwanenflugel and Meisinger (2010) argue that readingRead MoreAssignment 1 Self Managed Learning by P1734 Words   |  7 Pagesself-directed learner, deciding what will be their own goals according with their needs. At this stage the tutor can be only partial responsible in the process of learning, showing them how important is to become a „SelfDirected Learner‟, encouraging and guiding, also stimulate the individuals to think outside the box, always to seek for evaluation on everything that they do, letting the participants dedicate their time on researches and experiments. The process helps the learners understand howRead MoreObservation of a Non-Certified Satff Member Implement a Program Designed by a Behavior Analyst1651 Words   |  7 Pagesranged from first grade and the oldest was in sixth grade. During the time of the observation two learners remained in the classroom and the observer was told that those learners spend the majority of their day in this setting. Three other learners participate in the self-contained classroom as well as an inclusive setting for parts of the day. The time spent in inclusion was not observed. One learner was working one to one with a staff member who was administering and taking date on discrete trialsRead MoreMisconceptions on Learner Autonomy: a Methodological and Conceptual Renewal4972 Words   |  20 PagesMISCONCEPTIONS ON LEARNER AUTONOMY: A METHODOLOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL RENEWAL Asuman AÅžIK (*) Abstract Learner autonomy emerges as the result of many methodological innovations in second/foreign language teaching over the last dec1ades, especially in communicative language teaching and learner-centered approaches. As the learner has become the center of the foreign language teaching, autonomy has been attributed to the learner as one of the essential capabilities that a learner should have. Learners are theRead MoreBenefits And Retention Strategies For Students1527 Words   |  7 Pageshas also been described (Kang Im, 2013). The term presence, has been used in literature dating back to the 1960s describing the interaction nurses have with others that enhances well-being. Traditional classrooms are naturally setup to provide the benefit of presence, whereas an online learning environments are not and can be challenging for both instructor and student. Interaction is vital for the online learner, because it aids in the development and understanding of concepts and enhance s theRead MoreAction Research. Research Has Shown That Technology Can1498 Words   |  6 PagesAction Research Research has shown that technology can support and enhance language learning. Technology can have many positive effects on learning, especially language learning, by supporting learners and the learning environment. However, students still have to communicate with people. They still need to share their thoughts, feelings, and opinions with peers and educators. They need to share what they have learned with others. Technology definitely connects people and can bring them togetherRead MoreWhy It Is Important That I Understand What Independent Learning1408 Words   |  6 PagesOne of this terms is called â€Å"self-directed learning† but is more likely to use the term â€Å"self-regulated learning† instead (MEYER et al, 2008 p: 2). According to Michael Grahame Moore â€Å"Independent learning is an educational system in which the learner is autonomous and separated from his teacher by space and time† (MOORE, M. G., 1973, P: 663). Although Forster (1972) defines â€Å"Independent study is a process, and a philosophy of education in which a student acquires knowledge by his/her own efforts

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1802 Words

If a picture tells a thousand words, than imagine the importance of an image upon a play such as Macbeth. In any literary work, it is extremely important that the author can effectively manipulate a reader s feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, that feat is accomplished magnificently by Shakespeare. Through his skillful use of imagery, Shakespeare shows us a deeper look into the true character of Macbeth. Though imagery is widespread throughout Macbeth, it is most dominant in clothing imagery, light and darkness imagery, and blood imagery. Through these images, Shakespeare shows the development of Macbeth s character. Using clothing imagery, Shakespeare develops Macbeth s character. This is evident, as, imagery of clothing shows us Macbeth s ambition and the consequences thereof. We see this ambition, through Banquo, when he says, New honours come upon him, / Like our strange garments, cleave not to their / mould but with the aid of use. (Shakespeare, Macbeth I, III, 144-146), meaning that new clothes do not fit our bodies, until we are accustomed to them. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth is constantly wearing new clothes (titles), that are not his, and do not fit. Hence, his ambition. This ambition, as we see, is what leads to his demise. When Macbeth first hears the prophecy that he will be King, he does not see how it can be so, to be king / Stands not within the prospect of belief (I, III, 73-74). However, Macbeth s ambitious nature becomes visibleShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2060 Words   |  9 Pagesthe green one red Macbeth Quote (Act II, Sc. II). Out, out, brief candle! Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Macbeth Quote (Act V, Scene V). These quotes have been taken from play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. Like these quotes there are hundreds and thousands of such heart touching quotes written by Shakespeare in his many different

American inetervention in vietnam Essay Example For Students

American inetervention in vietnam Essay During the Cold War, the United States of America was determined to act as the superior nation in the world. They believed that every country was inferior to them in regards to military power, economic stability and moral beliefs. After the assassination of former President John F. Kennedy, the Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took over in Washington. He was pressured to follow through on the late Presidents programs and policies on Vietnam which entailed the demonstration of Americas strength and responsibility. It is argued that American intervention in Vietnam was caused by structural weakness in the National Security Council and inadequate attention to long- range policy planning. In addition, Johnsons inexperience and naivety regarding foreign policy and the optimistic belief of creating a flawless world. A main cause of American involvement was the weakness of the mechanism for determining the framework of foreign policy. The establishment of the National Security Council came about in 1947. It was to bridge the gulf between considerations of foreign policy and considerations of the military force which was to conduct external relations.1 Apparently, the U.S.A. had had no central authority that linked the organizations of the Military Services and the State Department. As a result, the government decided that in order to be successful in international affairs the two groups had to work together. The NSC ensured detailed coordination of all major factors of U.S. foreign policy decisions.2 It was odd that both President Truman and Eisenhower had success with this organization and when Kennedy came to office he decided to change it. He preferred to rely on small groups to be responsible for policy formation and execution therefore, he was more comfortablewith a broad knowledge of foreig n affairs and a strong distaste for being hemmed in by too much organization.3 This informal system carried serious dangers of insufficient coordination, as the travesty at the Bay of Pigs soon showed and Johnson was unfortunate to inherit it.4 Lyndon Johnson had many vital decisions to make when he was in office. The fragmented NSC was not an efficient instrument since he had to conclude whether or not to continue supporting Vietnam militarily and economically. Our large-scale military entry into the Vietnam War in early 1965 reflected the piecemeal consideration of interrelated issues, and that this was the natural consequence of a fragmented NSC and a general inattention to long-range policy planning. Consultation, even knowledge of the basic facts, was confined to a tight circle of presidential advisors,and there appears to have been little systematic debate outside that group.5The White-House was primarily for action or reaction and not a place for reflective thought on difficult long-term problems, this was a result for an absence of comprehensive policy analysis.6 The Policy Planning Staff, during the years of 1961- 1966 tried to figure out a possible solution through the National Policy Papers. These papers set down responsible lines of policy for the U.S. government to follow. Apparently, the principal department heads, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, were unwilling to spend the personal time r equired to reach any agreement and furthermore, no one would take the time to read or endorse the Papers. The general inattention to long-range policy planning is demonstrated by the decisions and actions that marked the largescale military entry into the Vietnam War in early 1965 which reflected the piecemeal consideration of interrelated issues.7The United States was determined that bombing North Vietnam was a tactic of maintaining the conflict within boundaries. Hanoi was believed to surrender shortly after bombing and during the pauses, negotiations would take place. North Vietnam was convinced that bombing would not affect their behaviour and if they prolong the wartheir forces will grow stronger, the enemy forces will be weakened. Protracted negotiationswould erode its adversarys will.8 This illustrates the poor planning on U.S. governments behalf since they were convinced that their military force would have a great impact on Hanois decisions. Johnsons inability to effectively enforce leadership commands were evident during his term in office. This president portrayed no central guiding philosophy in foreign policy and there was confirmation of slackness in coordinating disparate elements. This was the result of little background and uncertainty in foreign affairs.9 Johnson lacked moral courage in the Vietnam conflict which illustrates his incapabilities to lead a country of great power. Even presidential aides were sceptical about Johnsons ability as a Vice-President. Kennedy had sent him on a special investigative mission to Saigon and the story was spread that Johnson,fearing he would be killed, had argued for two weeks against the journey: I dont want to embarrass you by getting my head blown off in Saigon. The young president supposedly answered: Thats all right Lyndon. If anything happens to you out there, Sam Rayburn and I will give you the biggest funeral in the history of Austin, Texas. Kennedys aidesnoted that th e vice-president agreed to go only if Kennedys sisterwent along to prove there was little danger.10Johnson inherited a loose and flexible organization which his personal existing characteristics did not match. His galvanic temperament, irregular administrative habits, and passion for secretiveness could or would have used a more formal structure to good advantage.11 It appeared that Johnson was incapable to deal with such an intricate dilemma in comparison to the previous presidents. File Sharing Systems EssayAmerican intervention in the Vietnam War stemmed from previous conflicts which they were involved in. The Cold War was unresolved since the States were determined to prevent Communist invasion over the world. It was ironic that a country with such a powerful reputation had weak organization. The fragmented National Security Council contributed to the poor strategy planning for Vietnam War. An attempt to combine the Military Services and the State Department was not successful during Johnsons term in office since it was proved to be an ineffective informal structure. As a President, Johnson had little background in foreign affairs and his lack of confidence contributed to the failure within the Vietnam conflict. Taking all matters into account it is apparent and predictably obvious that the United States had no concrete plan to win the War. Bibliography:Berman, Larry, Lyndon Johnsons War., New York, 1989. Brown, Weldon A., The Last Chopper., New York, 1976. Goodman, Allan E., The Lost Peace., Stanford, 1978. Hoopes, Townsend, The Limits of Intervention., New York, 1973. Turner, Kathleen J., Lyndon Johnsons Dual War., Chicago, 1985. The Pentagon Papers., Boston: Beacon Press, vol.3vol.4. ENDNOTES1.Townsend Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention. (New York,1973),p.2. 2.Ibid, p.33.Ibid, p.5. 4.Ibid, p.5. 5.Weldon A. Brown, The Last Chopper. (New York, 1976),p.6. 6.Hoopes, p.5. 7. Hoopes, p.7. 8.Allan E. Goodman, The Lost Peace. (Stanford, 1978), p.12. 9.Hoopes, p.210. Brown, p.7. 11. Hoopes, p.5. 12 Hoopes, p.8. 13. Hoopes, p.8. 14. Hoopes, p.12. 15. Hoopes, p.13. 16. Hoopes, p.14. 17. Hoopes, p.15. 18. Hoopes, p.16. 19. Hoopes, p.17. 20. Hoopes, Op.cit., p.1721. The Pentagon Papers. (Boston:Beacon Press) vol.3,p.715. 22. Hoopes, p.18. 23. Hoopes, Op.cit.,p.19. 24. Larry Berman, Lyndon Johnsons War.(New York,1989),p.9. 25. The Pentagon Papers.(Boston:Beacon Press) vol.4,p.641.